Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of autoimmune origin differentiated in the 19th century according to specific symptoms that include visual and cognitive impairment and possible gradual onset of disability. It is caused by the appearance of an attack by cells of the immune system on the myelin layer of nerve cells, causing so-called plaques. The main factors responsible for the development of MS include environmental and genetic factors, due to which the proportion of sufferers varies considerably by geographic location, gender and age. Among the clinical courses of MS, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPSM), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) can be distinguished. The diagnosis of MS is based on the McDonalds diagnostic criteria, which correlate the clinical manifestation with characteristic plaques shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment includes the use of therapies that change the course of the disease, and which are adapted to the condition and symptoms of the patient. It should be emphasized that despite great progress in the treatment of MS, this disease still represents a diagnostic challenge. This probably stems from the fact that MS has a varied clinical course and that there is a lack of a specific test that would be of adequate diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for a quick and accurate diagnosis.