The first measured values of the Earth's circumference, distance from the Sun, density, and age were based on fundamental physical laws. The ancient Greek astronomers Eratosthenes and Aristarchus calculated the circumference of the Earth and its distance from the Sun based on the arrangement of certain celestial bodies and trigonometric relationships. Over time, better instruments enabled more accurate measurements, increased the scope for new discoveries, and heightened the curiosity of scientists and the general public. The transits of Venus in 1874 and 1882, the most famous events of the 19th century, provided the first accurate value for the distance from the Sun. The Schiehallion experiment of 1774 and the Cavendish experiment of 1798 provided the first accurate value for the density of the Earth and the gravitational constant. Clair Patterson calculated the age of the Earth in 1956 using the radiometric dating method based on Pb-Pb dating, the value we know today. The data on measurements and results presented in this document were taken from the official records of the authors, who personally performed and processed the data of the experiment.